Android获取设备唯一标志的几种方式

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在我们开发过程中发现有很多需求需要获取设备的唯一标志，这是个很头疼的问题，有很多种方式，但往往不太靠谱，有的是卸载了程序再安装会变有的是设备重置后会变，有的则是和设备硬件有关。下面我们来讨论一下。

1.通过User Email或通过用户的手机号，非常不靠谱，因为手机号和Email都有可能会变，而且还有很多限制。

  • 第一个限制是权限的限制
获取UserEmail需要如下权限

API5+需要权限
<uses-permission android:name="android.permission.GET_ACCOUNTS" />

API14+需要权限
<uses-permission android:name="android.permission.READ_CONTACTS" />

2. 使用IMEI作为唯一标志

需要权限如下

<uses-permission android:name="android.permission.READ_PHONE_STATE" />

获取方式如下

TelephonyManager TelephonyMgr = (TelephonyManager)getSystemService(TELEPHONY_SERVICE);

String szImei = TelephonyMgr.getDeviceId();

3.使用Android ID作为唯一标志

在设备首次启动时，系统会随机生成一个64位的数字，并把这个数字以16进制字符串的形式保存下来，这个16进制的字符串就是ANDROID_ID，这个是不靠谱的，因为有时候它是null的，文档中明确说明，如果你恢复了出厂设置，那他就会改变的。而且如果你root了手机，你也可以改变这个ID。

获取Android ID不需要什么权限，由于部分厂商问题有可能会获取到相同的值也有可能取到null。

4.Mac地址

这种方式我个人感觉还是可以的，获取方式如下

package com.lmm.getmacdemo;

import android.content.Context;
import android.content.pm.PackageManager;
import android.net.ConnectivityManager;
import android.net.NetworkInfo;
import android.net.wifi.WifiInfo;
import android.net.wifi.WifiManager;
import android.os.Build;
import android.text.TextUtils;
import android.util.Log;
import android.widget.Toast;

import java.io.BufferedReader;
import java.io.FileReader;
import java.io.InputStreamReader;
import java.io.LineNumberReader;
import java.io.Reader;
import java.net.Inet4Address;
import java.net.InetAddress;
import java.net.NetworkInterface;
import java.net.SocketException;
import java.util.Enumeration;

public class MacUtils {
    public static String getMac(Context context) {

        String strMac = null;

        if (Build.VERSION.SDK_INT < Build.VERSION_CODES.M) {
            Log.e("=====", "6.0以下");
            Toast.makeText(context, "6.0以下", Toast.LENGTH_SHORT).show();
            strMac = getLocalMacAddressFromWifiInfo(context);
            return strMac;
        } else if (Build.VERSION.SDK_INT < Build.VERSION_CODES.N
                && Build.VERSION.SDK_INT >= Build.VERSION_CODES.M) {
            Log.e("=====", "6.0以上7.0以下");
            Toast.makeText(context, "6.0以上7.0以下", Toast.LENGTH_SHORT).show();
            strMac = getMacAddress(context);
            return strMac;
        } else if (Build.VERSION.SDK_INT >= Build.VERSION_CODES.N) {
            Log.e("=====", "7.0以上");
            if (!TextUtils.isEmpty(getMacAddress(context))) {
                Log.e("=====", "7.0以上1");
                Toast.makeText(context, "7.0以上1", Toast.LENGTH_SHORT).show();
                strMac = getMacAddress(context);
                return strMac;
            } else if (!TextUtils.isEmpty(getMachineHardwareAddress())) {
                Log.e("=====", "7.0以上2");
                Toast.makeText(context, "7.0以上2", Toast.LENGTH_SHORT).show();
                strMac = getMachineHardwareAddress();
                return strMac;
            } else {
                Log.e("=====", "7.0以上3");
                Toast.makeText(context, "7.0以上3", Toast.LENGTH_SHORT).show();
                strMac = getLocalMacAddressFromBusybox();
                return strMac;
            }
        }

        return "02:00:00:00:00:00";
    }


    /**
     * 根据wifi信息获取本地mac
     * @param context
     * @return
     */
    public static String getLocalMacAddressFromWifiInfo(Context context){
        WifiManager wifi = (WifiManager) context.getSystemService(Context.WIFI_SERVICE);
        WifiInfo winfo = wifi.getConnectionInfo();
        String mac =  winfo.getMacAddress();
        return mac;
    }

    /**
     * android 6.0及以上、7.0以下 获取mac地址
     *
     * @param context
     * @return
     */
    public static String getMacAddress(Context context) {

        // 如果是6.0以下，直接通过wifimanager获取
        if (Build.VERSION.SDK_INT < Build.VERSION_CODES.M) {
            String macAddress0 = getMacAddress0(context);
            if (!TextUtils.isEmpty(macAddress0)) {
                return macAddress0;
            }
        }
        String str = "";
        String macSerial = "";
        try {
            Process pp = Runtime.getRuntime().exec(
                    "cat /sys/class/net/wlan0/address");
            InputStreamReader ir = new InputStreamReader(pp.getInputStream());
            LineNumberReader input = new LineNumberReader(ir);
            for (; null != str; ) {
                str = input.readLine();
                if (str != null) {
                    macSerial = str.trim();// 去空格
                    break;
                }
            }
        } catch (Exception ex) {
            Log.e("----->" + "NetInfoManager", "getMacAddress:" + ex.toString());
        }
        if (macSerial == null || "".equals(macSerial)) {
            try {
                return loadFileAsString("/sys/class/net/eth0/address")
                        .toUpperCase().substring(0, 17);
            } catch (Exception e) {
                e.printStackTrace();
                Log.e("----->" + "NetInfoManager",
                        "getMacAddress:" + e.toString());
            }

        }
        return macSerial;
    }

    private static String getMacAddress0(Context context) {
        if (isAccessWifiStateAuthorized(context)) {
            WifiManager wifiMgr = (WifiManager) context
                    .getSystemService(Context.WIFI_SERVICE);
            WifiInfo wifiInfo = null;
            try {
                wifiInfo = wifiMgr.getConnectionInfo();
                return wifiInfo.getMacAddress();
            } catch (Exception e) {
                Log.e("----->" + "NetInfoManager",
                        "getMacAddress0:" + e.toString());
            }

        }
        return "";

    }

    /**
     * Check whether accessing wifi state is permitted
     *
     * @param context
     * @return
     */
    private static boolean isAccessWifiStateAuthorized(Context context) {
        if (PackageManager.PERMISSION_GRANTED == context
                .checkCallingOrSelfPermission("android.permission.ACCESS_WIFI_STATE")) {
            Log.e("----->" + "NetInfoManager", "isAccessWifiStateAuthorized:"
                    + "access wifi state is enabled");
            return true;
        } else
            return false;
    }

    private static String loadFileAsString(String fileName) throws Exception {
        FileReader reader = new FileReader(fileName);
        String text = loadReaderAsString(reader);
        reader.close();
        return text;
    }

    private static String loadReaderAsString(Reader reader) throws Exception {
        StringBuilder builder = new StringBuilder();
        char[] buffer = new char[4096];
        int readLength = reader.read(buffer);
        while (readLength >= 0) {
            builder.append(buffer, 0, readLength);
            readLength = reader.read(buffer);
        }
        return builder.toString();
    }

    /**
     * android 7.0及以上 （2）扫描各个网络接口获取mac地址
     *
     */
    /**
     * 获取设备HardwareAddress地址
     *
     * @return
     */
    public static String getMachineHardwareAddress() {
        Enumeration<NetworkInterface> interfaces = null;
        try {
            interfaces = NetworkInterface.getNetworkInterfaces();
        } catch (SocketException e) {
            e.printStackTrace();
        }
        String hardWareAddress = null;
        NetworkInterface iF = null;
        if (interfaces == null) {
            return null;
        }
        while (interfaces.hasMoreElements()) {
            iF = interfaces.nextElement();
            try {
                hardWareAddress = bytesToString(iF.getHardwareAddress());
                if (hardWareAddress != null)
                    break;
            } catch (SocketException e) {
                e.printStackTrace();
            }
        }
        return hardWareAddress;
    }

    /***
     * byte转为String
     *
     * @param bytes
     * @return
     */
    private static String bytesToString(byte[] bytes) {
        if (bytes == null || bytes.length == 0) {
            return null;
        }
        StringBuilder buf = new StringBuilder();
        for (byte b : bytes) {
            buf.append(String.format("%02X:", b));
        }
        if (buf.length() > 0) {
            buf.deleteCharAt(buf.length() - 1);
        }
        return buf.toString();
    }

    /**
     * 根据busybox获取本地Mac
     *
     * @return
     */
    public static String getLocalMacAddressFromBusybox() {
        String result = "";
        String Mac = "";
        result = callCmd("busybox ifconfig", "HWaddr");
        // 如果返回的result == null，则说明网络不可取
        if (result == null) {
            return "网络异常";
        }
        // 对该行数据进行解析
        // 例如：eth0 Link encap:Ethernet HWaddr 00:16:E8:3E:DF:67
        if (result.length() > 0 && result.contains("HWaddr") == true) {
            Mac = result.substring(result.indexOf("HWaddr") + 6,
                    result.length() - 1);
            result = Mac;
        }
        return result;
    }

    private static String callCmd(String cmd, String filter) {
        String result = "";
        String line = "";
        try {
            Process proc = Runtime.getRuntime().exec(cmd);
            InputStreamReader is = new InputStreamReader(proc.getInputStream());
            BufferedReader br = new BufferedReader(is);

            while ((line = br.readLine()) != null
                    && line.contains(filter) == false) {
                result += line;
            }

            result = line;
        } catch (Exception e) {
            e.printStackTrace();
        }
        return result;
    }







    public static String getIpAddress(Context context){
        NetworkInfo info = ((ConnectivityManager) context
                .getSystemService(Context.CONNECTIVITY_SERVICE)).getActiveNetworkInfo();
        if (info != null && info.isConnected()) {
            // 3/4g网络
            if (info.getType() == ConnectivityManager.TYPE_MOBILE) {
                try {
                    for (Enumeration<NetworkInterface> en = NetworkInterface.getNetworkInterfaces(); en.hasMoreElements(); ) {
                        NetworkInterface intf = en.nextElement();
                        for (Enumeration<InetAddress> enumIpAddr = intf.getInetAddresses(); enumIpAddr.hasMoreElements(); ) {
                            InetAddress inetAddress = enumIpAddr.nextElement();
                            if (!inetAddress.isLoopbackAddress() && inetAddress instanceof Inet4Address) {
                                return inetAddress.getHostAddress();
                            }
                        }
                    }
                } catch (SocketException e) {
                    e.printStackTrace();
                }

            } else if (info.getType() == ConnectivityManager.TYPE_WIFI) {
                //  wifi网络
                WifiManager wifiManager = (WifiManager) context.getSystemService(Context.WIFI_SERVICE);
                WifiInfo wifiInfo = wifiManager.getConnectionInfo();
                String ipAddress = intIP2StringIP(wifiInfo.getIpAddress());
                return ipAddress;
            }  else if (info.getType() == ConnectivityManager.TYPE_ETHERNET){
                // 有限网络
                return getLocalIp();
            }
        }
        return null;
    }

    private static String intIP2StringIP(int ip) {
        return (ip & 0xFF) + "." +
                ((ip >> 8) & 0xFF) + "." +
                ((ip >> 16) & 0xFF) + "." +
                (ip >> 24 & 0xFF);
    }


    // 获取有限网IP
    private static String getLocalIp() {
        try {
            for (Enumeration<NetworkInterface> en = NetworkInterface
                    .getNetworkInterfaces(); en.hasMoreElements(); ) {
                NetworkInterface intf = en.nextElement();
                for (Enumeration<InetAddress> enumIpAddr = intf
                        .getInetAddresses(); enumIpAddr.hasMoreElements(); ) {
                    InetAddress inetAddress = enumIpAddr.nextElement();
                    if (!inetAddress.isLoopbackAddress()
                            && inetAddress instanceof Inet4Address) {
                        return inetAddress.getHostAddress();
                    }
                }
            }
        } catch (SocketException ex) {

        }
        return "0.0.0.0";

    }


    public static String getMacAddressFromIp(Context context) {
        String mac_s= "";
        StringBuilder buf = new StringBuilder();
        try {
            byte[] mac;
            NetworkInterface ne=NetworkInterface.getByInetAddress(InetAddress.getByName(getIpAddress(context)));
            mac = ne.getHardwareAddress();
            for (byte b : mac) {
                buf.append(String.format("%02X:", b));
            }
            if (buf.length() > 0) {
                buf.deleteCharAt(buf.length() - 1);
            }
            mac_s = buf.toString();
        } catch (Exception e) {
            e.printStackTrace();
        }

        return mac_s;
    }
}

对于这种方式虽然我个人感觉还行，但我自己没有使用，我自己选择用生成的Pseudo-Unique ID这种方式

5.Pseudo-Unique ID

我是使用kotlin写的所以如果你在用java来开发可以自行翻译，这种方式我试了包括卸载之内的情况都是不会变的，但我没试重置设置，如果感兴趣可以自己去试试 

class DeviceUtils {

    companion object {
        fun deviceID(): String {
            var serial: String? = null

            val m_szDevIDShort = "35" +
                    Build.BOARD.length % 10 + Build.BRAND.length % 10 +

                    Build.CPU_ABI.length % 10 + Build.DEVICE.length % 10 +

                    Build.DISPLAY.length % 10 + Build.HOST.length % 10 +

                    Build.ID.length % 10 + Build.MANUFACTURER.length % 10 +

                    Build.MODEL.length % 10 + Build.PRODUCT.length % 10 +

                    Build.TAGS.length % 10 + Build.TYPE.length % 10 +

                    Build.USER.length % 10 //13 位

            try {
                serial = android.os.Build::class.java.getField("SERIAL").get(null).toString()
                //API>=9 使用serial号
                return UUID(m_szDevIDShort.hashCode().toLong(), serial.hashCode().toLong()).toString()
            } catch (exception: Exception) {
                //serial需要一个初始化
                serial = "serial" // 随便一个初始化
            }

            //使用硬件信息拼凑出来的15位号码
            return UUID(m_szDevIDShort.hashCode().toLong(), serial!!.hashCode().toLong()).toString()
        }



    }
}
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