在我们开发过程中发现有很多需求需要获取设备的唯一标志,这是个很头疼的问题,有很多种方式,但往往不太靠谱,有的是卸载了程序再安装会变有的是设备重置后会变,有的则是和设备硬件有关。下面我们来讨论一下。
1.通过User Email或通过用户的手机号,非常不靠谱,因为手机号和Email都有可能会变,而且还有很多限制。
- 第一个限制是权限的限制
获取UserEmail需要如下权限
API5+需要权限
<uses-permission android:name="android.permission.GET_ACCOUNTS" />
API14+需要权限
<uses-permission android:name="android.permission.READ_CONTACTS" />
2. 使用IMEI作为唯一标志
需要权限如下
<uses-permission android:name="android.permission.READ_PHONE_STATE" />
获取方式如下
TelephonyManager TelephonyMgr = (TelephonyManager)getSystemService(TELEPHONY_SERVICE);
String szImei = TelephonyMgr.getDeviceId();
3.使用Android ID作为唯一标志
在设备首次启动时,系统会随机生成一个64位的数字,并把这个数字以16进制字符串的形式保存下来,这个16进制的字符串就是ANDROID_ID,这个是不靠谱的,因为有时候它是null的,文档中明确说明,如果你恢复了出厂设置,那他就会改变的。而且如果你root了手机,你也可以改变这个ID。
获取Android ID不需要什么权限,由于部分厂商问题有可能会获取到相同的值也有可能取到null。
4.Mac地址
这种方式我个人感觉还是可以的,获取方式如下
package com.lmm.getmacdemo;
import android.content.Context;
import android.content.pm.PackageManager;
import android.net.ConnectivityManager;
import android.net.NetworkInfo;
import android.net.wifi.WifiInfo;
import android.net.wifi.WifiManager;
import android.os.Build;
import android.text.TextUtils;
import android.util.Log;
import android.widget.Toast;
import java.io.BufferedReader;
import java.io.FileReader;
import java.io.InputStreamReader;
import java.io.LineNumberReader;
import java.io.Reader;
import java.net.Inet4Address;
import java.net.InetAddress;
import java.net.NetworkInterface;
import java.net.SocketException;
import java.util.Enumeration;
public class MacUtils {
public static String getMac(Context context) {
String strMac = null;
if (Build.VERSION.SDK_INT < Build.VERSION_CODES.M) {
Log.e("=====", "6.0以下");
Toast.makeText(context, "6.0以下", Toast.LENGTH_SHORT).show();
strMac = getLocalMacAddressFromWifiInfo(context);
return strMac;
} else if (Build.VERSION.SDK_INT < Build.VERSION_CODES.N
&& Build.VERSION.SDK_INT >= Build.VERSION_CODES.M) {
Log.e("=====", "6.0以上7.0以下");
Toast.makeText(context, "6.0以上7.0以下", Toast.LENGTH_SHORT).show();
strMac = getMacAddress(context);
return strMac;
} else if (Build.VERSION.SDK_INT >= Build.VERSION_CODES.N) {
Log.e("=====", "7.0以上");
if (!TextUtils.isEmpty(getMacAddress(context))) {
Log.e("=====", "7.0以上1");
Toast.makeText(context, "7.0以上1", Toast.LENGTH_SHORT).show();
strMac = getMacAddress(context);
return strMac;
} else if (!TextUtils.isEmpty(getMachineHardwareAddress())) {
Log.e("=====", "7.0以上2");
Toast.makeText(context, "7.0以上2", Toast.LENGTH_SHORT).show();
strMac = getMachineHardwareAddress();
return strMac;
} else {
Log.e("=====", "7.0以上3");
Toast.makeText(context, "7.0以上3", Toast.LENGTH_SHORT).show();
strMac = getLocalMacAddressFromBusybox();
return strMac;
}
}
return "02:00:00:00:00:00";
}
/**
* 根据wifi信息获取本地mac
* @param context
* @return
*/
public static String getLocalMacAddressFromWifiInfo(Context context){
WifiManager wifi = (WifiManager) context.getSystemService(Context.WIFI_SERVICE);
WifiInfo winfo = wifi.getConnectionInfo();
String mac = winfo.getMacAddress();
return mac;
}
/**
* android 6.0及以上、7.0以下 获取mac地址
*
* @param context
* @return
*/
public static String getMacAddress(Context context) {
// 如果是6.0以下,直接通过wifimanager获取
if (Build.VERSION.SDK_INT < Build.VERSION_CODES.M) {
String macAddress0 = getMacAddress0(context);
if (!TextUtils.isEmpty(macAddress0)) {
return macAddress0;
}
}
String str = "";
String macSerial = "";
try {
Process pp = Runtime.getRuntime().exec(
"cat /sys/class/net/wlan0/address");
InputStreamReader ir = new InputStreamReader(pp.getInputStream());
LineNumberReader input = new LineNumberReader(ir);
for (; null != str; ) {
str = input.readLine();
if (str != null) {
macSerial = str.trim();// 去空格
break;
}
}
} catch (Exception ex) {
Log.e("----->" + "NetInfoManager", "getMacAddress:" + ex.toString());
}
if (macSerial == null || "".equals(macSerial)) {
try {
return loadFileAsString("/sys/class/net/eth0/address")
.toUpperCase().substring(0, 17);
} catch (Exception e) {
e.printStackTrace();
Log.e("----->" + "NetInfoManager",
"getMacAddress:" + e.toString());
}
}
return macSerial;
}
private static String getMacAddress0(Context context) {
if (isAccessWifiStateAuthorized(context)) {
WifiManager wifiMgr = (WifiManager) context
.getSystemService(Context.WIFI_SERVICE);
WifiInfo wifiInfo = null;
try {
wifiInfo = wifiMgr.getConnectionInfo();
return wifiInfo.getMacAddress();
} catch (Exception e) {
Log.e("----->" + "NetInfoManager",
"getMacAddress0:" + e.toString());
}
}
return "";
}
/**
* Check whether accessing wifi state is permitted
*
* @param context
* @return
*/
private static boolean isAccessWifiStateAuthorized(Context context) {
if (PackageManager.PERMISSION_GRANTED == context
.checkCallingOrSelfPermission("android.permission.ACCESS_WIFI_STATE")) {
Log.e("----->" + "NetInfoManager", "isAccessWifiStateAuthorized:"
+ "access wifi state is enabled");
return true;
} else
return false;
}
private static String loadFileAsString(String fileName) throws Exception {
FileReader reader = new FileReader(fileName);
String text = loadReaderAsString(reader);
reader.close();
return text;
}
private static String loadReaderAsString(Reader reader) throws Exception {
StringBuilder builder = new StringBuilder();
char[] buffer = new char[4096];
int readLength = reader.read(buffer);
while (readLength >= 0) {
builder.append(buffer, 0, readLength);
readLength = reader.read(buffer);
}
return builder.toString();
}
/**
* android 7.0及以上 (2)扫描各个网络接口获取mac地址
*
*/
/**
* 获取设备HardwareAddress地址
*
* @return
*/
public static String getMachineHardwareAddress() {
Enumeration<NetworkInterface> interfaces = null;
try {
interfaces = NetworkInterface.getNetworkInterfaces();
} catch (SocketException e) {
e.printStackTrace();
}
String hardWareAddress = null;
NetworkInterface iF = null;
if (interfaces == null) {
return null;
}
while (interfaces.hasMoreElements()) {
iF = interfaces.nextElement();
try {
hardWareAddress = bytesToString(iF.getHardwareAddress());
if (hardWareAddress != null)
break;
} catch (SocketException e) {
e.printStackTrace();
}
}
return hardWareAddress;
}
/***
* byte转为String
*
* @param bytes
* @return
*/
private static String bytesToString(byte[] bytes) {
if (bytes == null || bytes.length == 0) {
return null;
}
StringBuilder buf = new StringBuilder();
for (byte b : bytes) {
buf.append(String.format("%02X:", b));
}
if (buf.length() > 0) {
buf.deleteCharAt(buf.length() - 1);
}
return buf.toString();
}
/**
* 根据busybox获取本地Mac
*
* @return
*/
public static String getLocalMacAddressFromBusybox() {
String result = "";
String Mac = "";
result = callCmd("busybox ifconfig", "HWaddr");
// 如果返回的result == null,则说明网络不可取
if (result == null) {
return "网络异常";
}
// 对该行数据进行解析
// 例如:eth0 Link encap:Ethernet HWaddr 00:16:E8:3E:DF:67
if (result.length() > 0 && result.contains("HWaddr") == true) {
Mac = result.substring(result.indexOf("HWaddr") + 6,
result.length() - 1);
result = Mac;
}
return result;
}
private static String callCmd(String cmd, String filter) {
String result = "";
String line = "";
try {
Process proc = Runtime.getRuntime().exec(cmd);
InputStreamReader is = new InputStreamReader(proc.getInputStream());
BufferedReader br = new BufferedReader(is);
while ((line = br.readLine()) != null
&& line.contains(filter) == false) {
result += line;
}
result = line;
} catch (Exception e) {
e.printStackTrace();
}
return result;
}
public static String getIpAddress(Context context){
NetworkInfo info = ((ConnectivityManager) context
.getSystemService(Context.CONNECTIVITY_SERVICE)).getActiveNetworkInfo();
if (info != null && info.isConnected()) {
// 3/4g网络
if (info.getType() == ConnectivityManager.TYPE_MOBILE) {
try {
for (Enumeration<NetworkInterface> en = NetworkInterface.getNetworkInterfaces(); en.hasMoreElements(); ) {
NetworkInterface intf = en.nextElement();
for (Enumeration<InetAddress> enumIpAddr = intf.getInetAddresses(); enumIpAddr.hasMoreElements(); ) {
InetAddress inetAddress = enumIpAddr.nextElement();
if (!inetAddress.isLoopbackAddress() && inetAddress instanceof Inet4Address) {
return inetAddress.getHostAddress();
}
}
}
} catch (SocketException e) {
e.printStackTrace();
}
} else if (info.getType() == ConnectivityManager.TYPE_WIFI) {
// wifi网络
WifiManager wifiManager = (WifiManager) context.getSystemService(Context.WIFI_SERVICE);
WifiInfo wifiInfo = wifiManager.getConnectionInfo();
String ipAddress = intIP2StringIP(wifiInfo.getIpAddress());
return ipAddress;
} else if (info.getType() == ConnectivityManager.TYPE_ETHERNET){
// 有限网络
return getLocalIp();
}
}
return null;
}
private static String intIP2StringIP(int ip) {
return (ip & 0xFF) + "." +
((ip >> 8) & 0xFF) + "." +
((ip >> 16) & 0xFF) + "." +
(ip >> 24 & 0xFF);
}
// 获取有限网IP
private static String getLocalIp() {
try {
for (Enumeration<NetworkInterface> en = NetworkInterface
.getNetworkInterfaces(); en.hasMoreElements(); ) {
NetworkInterface intf = en.nextElement();
for (Enumeration<InetAddress> enumIpAddr = intf
.getInetAddresses(); enumIpAddr.hasMoreElements(); ) {
InetAddress inetAddress = enumIpAddr.nextElement();
if (!inetAddress.isLoopbackAddress()
&& inetAddress instanceof Inet4Address) {
return inetAddress.getHostAddress();
}
}
}
} catch (SocketException ex) {
}
return "0.0.0.0";
}
public static String getMacAddressFromIp(Context context) {
String mac_s= "";
StringBuilder buf = new StringBuilder();
try {
byte[] mac;
NetworkInterface ne=NetworkInterface.getByInetAddress(InetAddress.getByName(getIpAddress(context)));
mac = ne.getHardwareAddress();
for (byte b : mac) {
buf.append(String.format("%02X:", b));
}
if (buf.length() > 0) {
buf.deleteCharAt(buf.length() - 1);
}
mac_s = buf.toString();
} catch (Exception e) {
e.printStackTrace();
}
return mac_s;
}
}
对于这种方式虽然我个人感觉还行,但我自己没有使用,我自己选择用生成的Pseudo-Unique ID这种方式
5.Pseudo-Unique ID
我是使用kotlin写的所以如果你在用java来开发可以自行翻译,这种方式我试了包括卸载之内的情况都是不会变的,但我没试重置设置,如果感兴趣可以自己去试试
class DeviceUtils {
companion object {
fun deviceID(): String {
var serial: String? = null
val m_szDevIDShort = "35" +
Build.BOARD.length % 10 + Build.BRAND.length % 10 +
Build.CPU_ABI.length % 10 + Build.DEVICE.length % 10 +
Build.DISPLAY.length % 10 + Build.HOST.length % 10 +
Build.ID.length % 10 + Build.MANUFACTURER.length % 10 +
Build.MODEL.length % 10 + Build.PRODUCT.length % 10 +
Build.TAGS.length % 10 + Build.TYPE.length % 10 +
Build.USER.length % 10 //13 位
try {
serial = android.os.Build::class.java.getField("SERIAL").get(null).toString()
//API>=9 使用serial号
return UUID(m_szDevIDShort.hashCode().toLong(), serial.hashCode().toLong()).toString()
} catch (exception: Exception) {
//serial需要一个初始化
serial = "serial" // 随便一个初始化
}
//使用硬件信息拼凑出来的15位号码
return UUID(m_szDevIDShort.hashCode().toLong(), serial!!.hashCode().toLong()).toString()
}
}
}